By:
Nuraini Amalina 05120200
Yolanda Ressi 06923036
Deasy Nurwianti 06120150
Degiana Syabdini 07120200
Dina Marselina 07120105
Amrizal Zuhdy 07120138
Advisor:
Dr. Jacky Munilson, SpTHT-KL
HEALTH SCIENCE OF EAR NOSE THROAT
FACULTY OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY of ANDALAS
RS DR M Djamil Padang
2011
CHAPTER I
REVIEW PUSTTAKA
Sudden deafness
A. Definition
Sudden deafness is the deafness that occurs suddenly. Type of deafness is sensorineural, the cause is not immediately known, usually occurs in one ear. A commonly used criterion to qualify for the diagnosis of sudden deafness is sensorineural hearing loss greater than 30 dB over three contiguous frequencies occurring within 3 days. Most cases of sudden hearing loss and unilateral hearing prognosis for recovery is good enough. Sudden deafness put in an emergency otologi, therefore, especially in the area of cochlear damage is usually permanent and may even return to normal or near-normal.1, 4
2. Epidemiology
Estimates of incidence of about 15,000 cases of SHL tahuanan (sensorineural hearing loss) are reported per year worldwide by 4000 people in the United States. One out of every 10,000 to 15,000 people will suffer from this condition, with the highest incidence occurs between 50 and 60 years. Lowest incidence is between 20 and 30 years. Of patients suffering from SHL, 2% is a bilateral disorder. The incidence is almost equal in men and wanita.2
There are many potential causes of SHL, but despite extensive evaluation, the majority of cases outside of a definitive diagnosis and, therefore, still being recorded as the cause of idiopathic. The report estimates that the etiology of SHL was diagnosed only 10% of cases. Some theories are thought to cause idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) including viral infections, immunologic, vascular compromise, and intracochlear membrane damage. But this theory is unlikely to explain all the events ISSNHL. Treatment regimens aimed at addressing the underlying issues, several ways have been proposed include reducing cochlear inflammation, improving blood flow and oxygenation of the inner ear, and rebuilding potential endocochlear.2
3. Etiology
Etiology of SHL can be divided into broad categories: (1) and infectious virus, (2) autoimmune, (3) the labyrinth membrane rupture / traumatic, (4) vascular, (5) neurological, and (6) Neoplastic. There are several conditions in each category that have been associated with sudden hearing loss. The following is a list of some of the reported causes of SHL: 2
v Infection
Meningococcal meningitis
Herpesviruses (simplex, zoster, varicella, cytomegalovirus
Mumps
Human immunodeficiency virus
Lassa fever
Mycoplasma
Cryptococcal meningitis
Toxoplasmosis
Syphilis
Rubeola
Rubella
Human spumaretrovirus
Autoimmune v
autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED)
Ulcerative colitis
Relapsed polychondritis
Lupus erythematosus
Polyarteritis nodosa
Cogan's syndrome
Wegener's granulomatosis
v Trauma
Perilymph fistula
Inner ear decompression sickness
Temporal bone fracture
Inner ear, concussion
Otologic surgery (stapedectomy)
Surgical complications of surgery nonotologic
Vascular v
Vascular disease / changes in the microcirculation
Vascular disease associated with mitochondriopathy
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
Deformability of red blood cells
Sickle cell disease
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Neurological v
Multiple sclerosis
Focal pontine ischemia
Migraine
v neoplastic acoustic neuroma
Leukemia
Myeloma
Metastasis to internal auditory canal
Meningeal carcinomatosis
Contralateral deafness after acoustic neuroma surgery Pathophysiology
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